A monk who lived in 1800s. Avid gardener and scientist. Used the scientific method to study inheritance in pea plants.
What is the Law of Dominance? When an organism is hybrid (coming from parents with contrasting traits) only the dominant trait is seen.
What is the Law of Segregation? Factors (genes) that control traits often occur in pairs (on homologous chromosomes) and are separated during gamete formation and reunited during fertilization.
What are genes and where are they located? Portion of a chromosome which controls a particular trait. (There are many genes on each chromosome.)
What are alleles? Different forms of the same gene controlling a particular trait.
What does it mean to be homozygous? Having identical alleles for a gene. (ex. PP or pp)
What does it mean to be heterozygous? Having different alleles for a gene. (ex. Pp)
What is a genotype? The genetic makeup of an organism; combination of alleles.
What is a phenotype? The physical trait that an organism develops as a result of its genotype.
What is the Law of Independent Assortment? During gamete formation in an F2 cross, a particular allele for one character can be paired with either allele of another character. (Ex. Pg. 213)
What is Intermediate Inheritance/Incomplete Dominance? Neither gene is dominant. Neither gene is expressed completely. Traits of heterozygous offspring is intermediate between traits of parents –“Blending.” (Ex. “Blue” chickens)
What is Codominance? Both alleles dominant. Both expressed. Heterozygous offspring have both traits. (Ex. “Roan” horse coat)
What are multiple alleles? More than two alleles controlling the same trait (Ex. Blood types)
How do you use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities for a monohybrid cross?
- a dihybrid cross?
- multiple alleles, incomplete dominance, co-dominance?
What is a testcross? Used to determine the genotype of an organism that shows the dominant phenotype. The unknown is crossed with an organism that shows the recessive trait If any of the offspring show the recessive trait, then the unknown organism must be heterozygous.
What are sex-linked traits? Traits on a gene that is on a sex chromosome. Most sex-linked genes are on the X chromosome; they are missing from the Y because it is smaller.
How do you use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities for sex-linked traits?
What is polygenic inheritance? More than one gene controls the same trait. (Ex. Height in humans)
How does the environment affect gene expression? Temperature, nutrition, physical activity, presence of infection, etc. affect gene expression. Himalayan rabbits have white fur everywhere except nose, paws, and ears where the temperature falls below 33 degrees Celsius. (pg 217)

Chapter 11 – DNA and the Language of Life
What is a virus? Not living. Carry out only 1 life process: reproduction, but need help from a living cell.
What is the structure of a virus? Package of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat.
How did experiments with viruses show that DNA is the genetic material?
What is the structure of DNA? Building Blocks = nucleotides. Nucleotides = sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base (A, T, C, G)
How does DNA replicate? DNA “unzips” at bonds between nitrogen bases. DNA forms “bubbles”- areas where DNA molecule is unzipped. DNA polymerase (enzyme) helps new nucleotides to attach to the unzipped parts of each strand of DNA – bubble grows until eventually the entire molecule has been copied and two new, identical molecules result. Replication is semi-conservative because each new molecule has one old strand and one new strand.
How are genes expressed? (protein synthesis) Most genes tell the cell to produce a single polypeptide (protein). Proteins are made of amino acids. Genes instruct the cell as to which amino acids to string together to make a protein. Each gene tells the cell to make a specific protein.
What are messenger RNA and transfer RNA, and how do they function
in protein synthesis? Messenger RNA = RNA molecule transcribed from a DNA template. Transfer RNA = RNA that translates the three-letter codons of mRNA to amino acids.
What is transcription and where does it occur? Occurs in the nucleus. DNA unzip, messenger RNA (mRNA) makes a complementary strand of nucleotides.
What is translation and where does it occur? Occurs at the ribosome. Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they are joined together to produce a polypeptide (protein). Transfer RNA molecules with anticodons that are complementary to the codons of the mRNA, link to the mRNA, bringing along the attached amino acid.
What is a codon? In RNA, a three-base “word” that codes for one amino acid.
What is an anticodon? In tRNA, a triplet of nitrogenous bases that is complementary to a specific codon in mRNA.
What are introns and exons? Intron=internal noncoding region in RNA transcript. Exon=coding region in RNA transcript.
What is a mutation? Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
What is a base substitution (point mutation)? One base is substituted for another in a gene. Can cause serious consequences if the resulting mRNA codes for a different amino acid. This may change the structure of a protein needed by the organism. Can be a silent mutation because of redundancy.
What is a base addition or deletion (frame-shift mutation)? A base is added or deleted from a gene. Almost always causes a serious problem because all of the codons that follow the addition or deletion are changed, or regrouped.
What causes mutations? Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
What is a mutagen? Physical or chemical agent that causes mutations.

Chapter 12 – Human Genetics
How is DNA packaged in the cell? DNA tightly wraps around histones. DNA is then wrapped into a tight helical fiber, and then coils further into a thick supercoil. Looping and folding further compacts the DNA in each chromosome. DNA+histones supercoil  chromosome  nucleus
What are histones? Small proteins around which DNA wraps itself.
What is the Human Genome Project? All of the base pairs in human DNA have been identified.
What is a chromosomal mutation? Mistakes sometimes occur during DNA replication. Portions of chromosomes can break off. These situations can lead to changes in genes (parts of chromosome that code for proteins)
(nondisjunction=failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis. Includes failure of tetrads to separate during anaphase I of meiosis, translocation= part of a chromosome brakes off and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome. Can be harmful-causes one form of Down Syndrome where part of 21 is attached to chromosome 15, inversion= part of a chromosome is lost. Less likely to produce harmful effects because all genes are still present in right amounts, duplication= part of a chromosome is repeated. Can result in developmental abnormalities, deletion= part of a chromosome is lost. Very serious effects-can be fatal.)
What is a gene mutation?
(point mutation, frameshift mutation)
What are transposons/jumping genes? Genetic elements that moves from one location to another in a genome.
What are examples of nondisjunction? Down syndrome= extra chromosome 21, Turner syndrome= female with underdeveloped sex characteristics- X, Klinefelter syndrome= male with underdeveloped sex characteristics- XXY, polyploidy= occurs in plants. An entire set of chromosomes fails to separate, resulting in cells with 3n or 4n chromosomes. Often results in plants with usually large fruit.
What are examples of sex-linked traits? (hemophilia, color-blindness )
What are examples of autosomal genetic disorders?
(sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis)
How do genes control the cell cycle?
What are growth factor genes? Protein that initiates cell division.
What are tumor suppressor genes? Gene that codes for a protein that stops cell division in particular situation.
What is an oncogene? Cancer-causing gene.
What is a karyotype? Display of a person’s 46 chromosomes in homologous pairs.
What is a pedigree? Family tree that records and traces the occurrence of a trait in a family.


This is so pointless but xD Again, studying for my bio final.

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^tis looong..



^IMG code......

can i request a banner? if so...i would love a hannibal rising banner-with a matching avvie if that isn't too much...
text: Hannibal Lector
(in a kinda creepy font maybe,but not blood[for some reason i don't like that font])
pictures: http://www.canmag.com/images/front/movi ... ising2.jpg
http://www.canmag.com/images/front/movi ... ising1.jpg
http://www.filmfodder.com/reviews/archives/hannibal.jpg
http://www.axcessnews.com/images/weinst ... rising.jpg



Haha, a banner I requested from Tim4x

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Be with me always - take any form - drive me mad! only do not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you!

WELL SORRY!
at least some of us actually know about this time era! and you should have a little knowledge of it too, considering you're RPing in it!!!!! !

edit:
I LOVE HISTORY.. except for all the politcal stuff...

and dont take my post offensive, ILOVENARNIA, its rare to meet someone who actually enjoys talking about that sort of stuff.........

^my temper exploded there...post on a different forum..

[20] Lost 3x10

Teasers:
<img src="http://i75.photobucket.com/albums/i309/aerial_icons/Lost%20icons/3x10_17.png"> <img src="http://i75.photobucket.com/albums/i309/aerial_icons/Lost%20icons/3x10_11.png"> <img src="http://i75.photobucket.com/albums/i309/aerial_icons/Lost%20icons/3x10_3.png">

Comment, Credit, <s>Direct Link</s>

<b>( <a href="http://community.livejournal.com/100years_icons/3341.html">Dharma Beer!</a> )</b>

^ah! It's LJ stuff!

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<center>icon & banner by me
skyward-thoughts</center>

Ha, a pic I sent to a friend that I made for her.

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Be with me always - take any form - drive me mad! only do not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you!

~Narnia Does Exist...Just Believe~

"While stands the Colosseum, Rome shall stand.
When falls the Colosseum, Rome shall fall.
And when Rome falls -- the World."

"Today I saw a slave become more powerful than the Emperor of Rome."

^my siggy I was adjusting it.

You ate your what?

i was cofnused as to what someone said, i couldnt read their text...

http://www.rainfall.com/horoscop/chinese.htm

URL I was copying.

The last thing I copied is the same character profile I posted. lol

Gladiator, where does your banner come from?

Let's conspire to re-ignite all the souls that would die just to feel alive.

The text in my sigggy, and an awesome lyric.

From the movie "Gladiator" the guy in my banner is kind of the "evil guy" The tyrant-like Roman Emperor.

Draugluin

I was copying a name..

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<center>Me hearts Linkin Park and My Chem!
Rob Bourdon and Gerard Way pwn you! =D

solongandgoodnight<3.</center>

http://fc01.deviantart.com/fs9/i/2006/0 ... iktree.jpg

Picture of Matt Bellamy. HOT.